Three key vital signs make up the "urban pulse" of a city

People often speak metaphorically of the heartbeat or pulse of a city, but according to the authors of a new paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, cities do indeed have an "urban pulse"—an indication of urban "metabolic activity" that can be measured to suss out telltale patterns. And those patterns could help inform future public policy around urban planning.

The precise definition of urbanization has shifted over the centuries. Zhe Zhu of the University of Connecticut and his fellow authors adopted a broad version for their study. It features fundamental "processes of concurrent change in at least six dimensions, including demography, economy, infrastructure, environment, governance and culture," they wrote. "Together they give rise to outcomes, measurable results of the process, such as population growth, urban land expansion, GDP growth, and innovation." Their chosen metrics reflect this dynamic view: Cities are not static grids but "living, adaptive ecosystems."

“For decades, we had just been capturing the outcome of urbanization—a house that’s been built, or a road expansion,” said Zhu. “But you don’t really see the dynamics within an urban area. This is going to be a very impactful tool influencing not only top-down policy decisions from governments but also bottom-up decisions from everyday people navigating their cities.” One day we may be able to check a neighborhood's "urban pulse" while house-hunting, for instance, or while scouting potential locations for a new business.

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By: Jennifer Ouellette

Commonwealth Fusion makes the physics case for its 400 MW reactor

The scientific community has a plan for achieving fusion power. It involves getting a better understanding of how to control fusion in a tokamak-style reactor using the currently under construction ITER reactor, and then using that knowledge to build DEMO-style plants. But ITER isn't even expected to see hot plasmas until the middle of the 2030s, by which point solar panels will be so cheap that we'll probably all be getting them free in our cereal boxes.

Commonwealth Fusion is a startup that's basically asking "what if we did that, but now?" Its ITER equivalent, a tokamak called SPARC, is over 70 percent complete and is planned to be operating as soon as next year. The company already has a site and customers for the power-generating follow-on, called ARC. Both of those projects are predicated on using high-temperature superconductors to generate an extremely powerful magnetic field that will allow the company to build a smaller reactor, and thus get things done faster.

Years of running plasmas through tokamaks has given us confidence that the basics of these plans are sound. But there are lots of potential devils in the details (otherwise there'd be little need for experimental reactors). So Commonwealth's scientists, in collaboration with the academic community, have recently released five peer-reviewed papers that detail its plans for ARC: what our best models tell us now, and what we'll still need to learn from SPARC to finalize the design of a production fusion plant.

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By: John Timmer

Gold isn’t inert, it just has bodyguards protecting it

Gold is weird. It's one of the few metals that doesn’t really oxidize. Even silver and copper—from the same column of the periodic table—form weak oxides. Naively, you might expect that gold would tarnish just like silver. Gold also sits right next to platinum, but it has none of that metal’s catalytic properties.

Then came gold nanoparticles that acted like catalysts, and we were confused by their apparent willingness to take part in chemical reactions.

Now, a pair of scientists has explained that gold’s inertness isn’t inherent to the atom but rather to the surfaces that gold crystals form. Before we get to the results, let’s first take a look at the traditional explanation for gold’s inertness and why an inert material that has no catalytic activity suddenly acts as a catalyst when in its nanoparticle form.

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By: Chris Lee

FCC lifts looming deadline for Amazon Leo satellite broadband constellation

The Federal Communications Commission has waived a requirement for Amazon to launch half of its satellite broadband constellation by the end of July, a key regulatory reprieve that buys the tech giant time to get more of its spacecraft into orbit.

Amazon won regulatory approval for the Amazon Leo network in July 2020. The FCC's authorization came with two deadlines. First, Amazon had to launch half of its 3,232 satellites by July 30, 2026, in order to maintain authorization to launch the rest of the network. The regulator gave Amazon a deadline of July 30, 2029, to have all of its first-generation satellites in orbit.

It has been apparent for some time that Amazon would not meet the FCC's requirement to launch half of its satellites—1,616 spacecraft—by the end of next month. Amazon filed an application in January requesting the FCC extend the deadline to July 2028 or waive it altogether. The commission decided on the latter option, removing any time limit for the 50 percent deployment milestone, but keeping the July 2029 deadline in place for the entire constellation.

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By: Stephen Clark

Your empty cuppa could capture carbon

Humanity has littered the sky with the refuse of fossil fuel use, releasing enough CO2 to change the planet’s climate. We are also chucking incredible sums of carbon in the form of plastics into landfills and into the environment around (and inside of) us. What if cleaning up one of these problems could also help clean up the other?

A new study led by Ruth Ebenbauer at Aarhus University experiments with this idea by upcycling discarded polystyrene into (part of) a material commonly used in carbon-capture systems.

Adding amines

This material is based on amines—a simple chemical group that conveniently acts like a sponge for CO2. An amine will grab CO2 molecules when exposed to them, but let go of the CO2 when heated or depressurized, leaving it ready to go again. The first “CO2 scrubbers” tried in smokestacks used amines dissolved in water to do this, but solid amines are used in all kinds of carbon-capture systems now because they require less energy. These solid materials—often made into granules similar to the activated carbon in a water filter—have high surface area and high porosity, so the amines can efficiently partner up with CO2 molecules.

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By: Scott K. Johnson

The weather and climate science AI revolution isn’t revolutionary

It feels like there's no escaping AI right now, whether you’re trying to type a sentence without being interrupted by a digital “assistant” or struggling to find a new refrigerator that doesn’t require a Wi-Fi connection for some reason. You’d be forgiven for wondering if we’re in the midst of a quantum leap in tech or whether people are just hyping up a heap of slop.

So what should we make of the growing use of AI in weather and climate modeling?

The conversation didn't get off to a great start earlier this year when a National Weather Service office posted a forecast map featuring nonexistent cities in Idaho with names like “Whata Bod” and “Orangeotild.” Thankfully, that was just an AI-generated image produced for social media, not the actual forecast model. Meteorologists and climate scientists are not yet being replaced by large language model prompt engineers.

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By: Scott K. Johnson

Scientists ejected from diabetes conference for distributing journal reprints

Five leading scientists were ousted from the annual meeting of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in New Orleans on Friday. Their crime: handing out copies of an editorial, published in the journal Diabetes Care on April 29, sharply criticizing the Trump administration's ongoing attacks on scientific research.

Those ousted were Steven Kahn, professor of medicine at the University of Washington and editor-in-chief of Diabetes Care, who co-authored the published editorial; former ADA President Desmond Schatz of the University of Florida, Gainesville; Aaron Kelly, pediatrics professor at the University of Minnesota; Justin Ryder of Northwestern University; and Irl Hirsch, also of the University of Washington. The five were handing out reprints of the editorial outside a room where NIH director Jay Bhattacharya had been scheduled to speak. Bhattacharya canceled and another NIH official spoke in his stead.

"They physically grabbed us, forced us out of the conference center, and now are telling us we can no longer attend this meeting," Kelly told MedPage Today, which first reported the incident. "They're taking our lanyards. It really has come to this in America. Censorship is real. America needs to stand up. Scientists, stand up. Physicians, stand up."

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By: Jennifer Ouellette

Some ancient microbes frozen with Ötzi the Iceman are still growing

Ötzi the Iceman, Europe’s most famous mummy, is crawling with microbes, some long dead, some still eking out a living after thousands of years, and some very modern.

After he died in the Ötztal Alps, the Copper Age man now known as Ötzi lay alone and forgotten for 5,300 years, until a group of hikers stumbled on his freeze-dried remains in 1991. Since then, he’s received a lot of attention from scientists, who have sequenced his DNA, pored over his last meal and the remains of his gut microbes, and examined his clothes and his broken tools. Today, Ötzi lies in a high-tech resting place at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Italy, where, it turns out, his body is still home to a handful of cold-adapted yeast species that have probably been with him since just after he died.

Slightly morbid souvenirs from the Alps

Microbiologist Mohamed S. Sarhan (of the Institute of Mummy Studies at the private Eurac Research center) and his colleagues recently sampled material from Ötzi’s stomach and meltwater from inside his body, swabbed his skin, and even sampled airborne microbes from his frozen storage room and the lab outside it. They also took samples from a block of frozen alpine soil taken from next to Ötzi’s body back in 1991.

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By: Kiona N. Smith

Small modular nuclear reactor reaches criticality in first test

Just over a year ago, the Trump Administration issued an executive order meant to accelerate the development of nuclear power in the US. While an entire startup ecosystem has developed around the use of different—and typically smaller—reactor designs, only one of them has been fully licensed so far, and there are no plans to actually build any instances of that design.

The executive order directed the Department of Energy to have three different reactor designs reach criticality in a bit over a year. On Thursday, a startup called Antares announced that a test reactor it had placed at the Idaho National Laboratory had reached criticality, making it the first new design to cross this threshold. Criticality means that the nuclear reactions inside the hardware had become self sustaining; it does not mean the reactor had started to generate power.

Antares is one of a number of companies that is basing its design on a new fuel system called TRISO that takes some of the complexity and safety out of the reactor design and places them in the fuel design. The fuel design is based on tiny pellets with a uranium oxide core. The pellets are surrounded by several layers of carbon that can moderate the energy of both the neutrons and lighter nuclei that are released by fission reactions. All of that is encased in a hard ceramic shell that's designed to withstand the highest temperatures that can be produced by the encased uranium.

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By: John Timmer

Trump admin tries again to revive dying coal industry

On Thursday, President Donald Trump announced his administration's latest attempt to prop up the US coal industry during an incoherent press event that randomly oscillated between energy issues and Trump's fixation with building and renovating monuments in DC. The energy portion of the events was also frequently disconnected from reality.

"Today we're taking historic action to bring down the price of energy and the cost of living for all Americans with the power of clean, beautiful coal," said Trump, apparently unaware that coal is one of the most expensive means of generating electricity in the US.

With wind and solar power getting cheaper, coal has become the second-most expensive way of producing electricity, trailing only the cost of building a new nuclear plant. As a result, no new coal plants have been completed in over a decade, and coal has gone from powering over half the electrical grid to producing only about 15 percent of the nation's electricity. That's before the indirect costs of coal use are considered. It produces the most greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy, releases dangerous particulates and chemicals into the atmosphere, and leaves behind ash that has high levels of toxic metals.

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By: John Timmer

Brain removal likely used in Iron Age Scottish burial

A pair of related human skeletons discovered in northwest Scotland are offering archaeologists a rare glimpse into Iron Age familial relationships and burial practices. And based on findings detailed in the journal Antiquity, at least some of those ancient funerary rituals involved brain removal and bone sharpening.

While researchers know a lot about the communities of Iron Age Britain (800 BCE–43 CE), not quite as much is known about the actual people who lived there. The region’s moist environmental conditions ensure that bodies decompose far more quickly than in other parts of the world. Northwest Scotland is a different situation, however. Burial practices inside stone cairns helped safeguard at least some skeletal remains from the elements.

“We knew that in the northwest of Scotland, including the Northern and Western Isles, the circulation and deposition of human remains were particularly prominent,” Laura Castells Navarro, a study co-author and University of York archaeologist, said in a statement.

Four images of skeletal remains from Iron Age Scottish burial. Images show skull scratches and sharpened limb bones.
The two individuals were most likely maternal second cousins. Credit: Rebecca Ellis Haken

Navarro’s team has spent years examining a pair of individuals excavated a few miles inland from the Norwegian Sea near Loch Borralie. Using osteology (the study of bones)as well as isotopic and DNA analysis, they successfully identified the pair as an adult female and a juvenile male who likely died between 50 BCE and 70 CE. This timeline places them at a pivotal era just before the Romans invaded southern and eastern Scotland in 79 CE.

Genetic material confirmed the individuals are most likely maternal second cousins, although their burial site is far from their original homes. Isotopic analysis indicates that they grew up about 50 miles southeast of Loch Borralie.Additional evidence indicates they share genes with people from Orkney (about 110 miles northeast of the loch) and Applecross, about140 miles to the southwest.

“More broadly, our research shows that prehistoric maritime communities periodically moved around the north coast and Northern Isles of Scotland, possibly in small groups”, said Castells Navarro, adding that this migration facilitated the spread of cultural traditions and rituals.

Some of those practices are dramatically visible in the adult woman’s remains. Scratches inside her cranium point to the removal of her brain, while long bones like the humeri, femur, and ulna were carved down to sharp points. Although the exact motivations for these practices are still difficult to discern, they illustrate complex societal belief structures and observances.

“The care with which she was reassembled and deposited in the cairn possibly suggests she commanded a level of reverence and respect by her community,” Castells Navarro said, adding the remains highlight Iron Age society’s “continued interaction between the living and the dead.”

The post Brain removal likely used in Iron Age Scottish burial appeared first on Popular Science.

By: Andrew Paul

745-mile whale graveyard found at the bottom of Indian Ocean

The ocean floor is covered with dead whales–but it is everything but a biohazard. When a whale dies, its body sinks to the ocean floor in a process called whale fall. The carcass then becomes its own complex ecosystem, nourishing and housing all types of marine life. Whale bones can then fossilize over time, leaving behind traces of what life looked like millions of years ago.

Now, scientists in the Indian Ocean have discovered an enormous whale graveyard. The collection of bones and communities supported by these whale falls stretches 745 miles across the seafloor 13,779 to 22,965 feet deep. The oldest whale fossil is roughly 5.3 million years old and the graveyard even includes a new species of extinct whale. The findings are detailed in a study published today in the journal Nature

“The deep sea is far from barren—it’s dynamic, full of life and history,” Dr. Xiaotong Peng, a study co-author and engineer at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), tells Popular Science. “When a whale dies and sinks, it becomes an oasis, supporting unique communities for decades or centuries.”

In 2023, CAS team was studying the geology and biology of the southeast Indian Ocean’s hadal zone—the ocean’s deepest zone, extending from 19,680 to 36,000 feet-deep. While inside of a submersible, the divers spotted the first whale fossil 22,972 feet below the surface.

a robotic hand picks up a fossil on the ocean floor
Recovery of whale fossil bones using the manipulator arm of the Chinese submersible Fendouzhe on the deep seafloor of the Diamantina Zone, a deep-sea rift in the Indian Ocean. Image: Global TREnD, IDSSE.

According to study co-author and geologist Dr. Peng Zhou, the remains were actually “quite easy to find” once the team began to search. “They looked unusual, so when the dive scientists first encountered them, they wanted to figure out what they were,” Zhou tells Popular Science

Peng adds, “We immediately pivoted our objectives to systematically map, document, and sample these whale remains. So it really came down to curiosity meeting the technological capability to explore depths that had been largely inaccessible.”

They documented 485 whale fossil sites from five active whale falls. The whale carcasses are home to a large community of jellyfish, brittle stars, bone-boring worms, and bivalves. Some of these species living in the carcasses may even be new to science, but that has not been confirmed. The oldest have been in the area for about 5.3 million years ago (the Pliocene era).

four whale skulls
Fossil skulls of three beaked whales recovered from the seafloor at hadal depth of the Diamantina Zone, 6,584–-6,878 meters. The image shows two extinct beaked whale species, Pterocetus diamantinae sp. nov. (new species to science, on the top) and Izikoziphius rossi (the second skull), as well as an extant Andrews’ beaked whale, Mesoplodon bowdoini (two skulls on the bottom). Image: Global TREnD, IDSSE

Most of the whale fossils come from several species of deep-diving beaked whales. Some of the bones belong to beaked whales that still exist today. Others are from extinct whales, including a species new to science named Pterocetus diamantinae.

“Finding both extinct genera like Pterocetus and living species like Mesoplodon bowdoini preserved together in the same region, across 1,200 kilometres [745 miles] of seafloor at such extreme depths—that was truly unexpected,” says Zhou.

This fossil record is also continuous, so the team can track the population dynamics and evolution of deep-diving whales over time. 

“These fossils give us a direct window into the Pliocene, about 5.3 million years ago,” study co-author and biologist Dr. Xikun Song tells Popular Science. “They show that beaked whales were already specialized deep‑divers in the Indian Ocean by that time. Beyond the whales themselves, the associated fossil fauna also tells us about the structure of ancient deep‑sea whale‑fall communities and broader deep‑sea biodiversity back then.”

This whale graveyard could reshape our understanding of both living and extinct beaked-whales. There are roughly 24 species of beaked-whale living today. However, their deep-sea habitat, likely low population numbers, and reclusive behavior make them difficult to study. Having such a large fossil deposit like this could help explain more about their reclusive lives.

The fossils are also shedding more light on the mysterious ecosystems living at the ocean’s deepest depths.

“Discoveries like this are possible because of curiosity, collaboration, and technology,” Peng concludes. “We’ve barely scratched the surface of the deep ocean, and there’s so much more waiting to be found.”

The post 745-mile whale graveyard found at the bottom of Indian Ocean appeared first on Popular Science.

By: Laura Baisas

These early Prime Day deals are already live on Amazon: Kitchen gadgets, fitness gear, power tools, and more

Amazon’s early Prime Day deals are already live, and a good number of them sit at or below the lowest prices we’ve tracked all year. The early deals span tech, kitchen gear, power tools, camera lenses, and lawn equipment, and the real savings show up as all-time lows rather than the inflated percentages Amazon likes to print next to its list prices. Almost everything here is Prime-exclusive, so you’ll need a membership to see the member price. If you’re not signed up, a free 30-day Prime trial covers you through the main event, which runs June 23 to 26. Prices and lightning deals rotate fast, so some of these will be gone before the event even opens.

Ring Outdoor Cam (Stick Up Cam) $39.99 (was $79.99)

Battery-powered 1080p security camera at its lowest price ever, 50% off

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The Ring Outdoor Cam (Stick Up Cam) at $39.99 is the easiest deal to recommend in the whole sale, and at 50% off it matches the lowest price Amazon has ever listed. It’s a battery-powered 1080p camera you can mount almost anywhere, including a fence, a porch rail, or a flat shelf by the back door, without running wires. You get Live View, color night vision, two-way talk, and motion alerts through the Ring app, and it works with Alexa if you have an Echo. A Ring Protect subscription (sold separately) unlocks saved video history, though real-time alerts and live view are free. For $40, it’s the cheapest way to put a real camera on the part of your house you keep meaning to watch.

Wüsthof Gourmet 4-Piece Chef's Knife Set $99.00 (was $185.00)

German-forged-quality starter set back to its lowest price, 46% off

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The Wüsthof Gourmet 4-Piece Chef’s Knife Set at $99 is the pick for anyone still cooking on a hand-me-down knife block, and at 46% off it’s back to the lowest price it has hit. The set covers the three knives you actually reach for, an 8-inch chef’s, a 4.5-inch utility, and a 2.75-inch paring, plus a honing steel to keep them sharp. These are stamped rather than forged, which is why the set lands at $99 instead of $300, but they use the same high-carbon German steel and carry the same lifetime warranty as the pricier Wüsthof lines. It’s a real upgrade that doesn’t require committing to a $600 block. This is the Prime-exclusive price, so a membership is required.

Amazon eero Pro 6E Mesh Wi-Fi System (2-Pack) $239.99 (was $329.99)

Wi-Fi 6E mesh for up to 4,000 sq. ft., 27% off and an all-time low

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The Amazon eero Pro 6E two-pack at $239.99 is the networking deal worth jumping on, covering up to 4,000 square feet with Wi-Fi 6E at the lowest price Amazon has listed. It supports internet plans up to 2.5 Gbps and handles 100-plus devices, so it keeps up whether you’re on multi-gig fiber or just tired of the dead spot in the back bedroom. The 6 GHz band gives newer phones and laptops a clear lane, and setup runs through the eero app in a few minutes with automatic updates after that. At 27% off, it’s $90 under list. If your house is bigger, the three-pack covers 6,000 square feet, and for an apartment the single Pro 6E router is enough.

Garmin epix Pro (Gen 2) Sapphire, 47mm $614.60 (was $999.99)

The premium training watch in the sale, 39% off its $999.99 list

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The Garmin epix Pro (Gen 2) Sapphire Edition at $614.60 is the splurge of the bunch, down 39% from its $999.99 list price. The 47mm version pairs a bright AMOLED display and a scratch-resistant sapphire lens with the deepest training data Garmin makes, including hill score, endurance score, training readiness, and HRV status, plus a built-in LED flashlight that earns its keep on early-morning runs. Battery life runs one to two weeks depending on how hard you lean on GPS, which is the real argument for it over an Apple Watch. It’s overkill for casual step-counting and priced like it. But if you’re training for something and want full maps on your wrist, this is the Garmin to get, and it rarely drops below $700.

Tech and accessory deals

Beyond the camera and watch up top, the tech deals skew toward small upgrades sitting at their lowest tracked prices. The Logitech MX Master 3S, the mouse a lot of people consider the best for desk work, is 25% off, and both Lenovo silent mice are down to roughly ten bucks. If the Pro 6E two-pack is more coverage than you need, the single eero Pro 6E router is here too.

Camera and lens deals

The camera deals are lens-heavy and aimed at Micro Four Thirds and Sony shooters. Both OM System M.Zuiko primes and both Zeiss Batis lenses for Sony E-mount are at or near their lowest tracked prices, with the OM System 60mm macro the standout for close-up work at $200 off.

Kitchen knife deals

Wüsthof and Shun are running the deepest knife discounts of the early sale, most at all-time lows. If the Gourmet set up top is more or less than you need, the rest of the lineup runs from a $49 paring trio to a pro-grade Shun steak set, all at 43 to 47% off.

Power tool and accessory deals

The tool deals run heavy on Bosch blades and bits, most at 55 to 60% off and all at their lowest tracked prices. The CRAFTSMAN 9-piece impact socket set at $29.98 and the brand’s 20V MAX impact driver kit at $59 are the picks if you’re building out a kit rather than restocking blades.

Lawn and garden deals

Makita and Greenworks cordless yard tools anchor the outdoor deals, all four at the lowest prices we’ve tracked. The Makita 18V LXT string trimmer and blower kits both ship with a 4.0Ah battery and charger, which is most of why they land at roughly half off.

Automotive deals

The automotive picks are small but useful, both from Nilight and both at all-time lows. The recovery traction boards are the standout if you ever get stuck in mud, sand, or snow, at $34 for a pair.

Toy and gift deals

The toy deals are the steepest in the sale, all four at 70% off or more and all at their lowest tracked prices. The 20-inch Squishmallows and the Green Toys sets make easy gifts at under $13 each.

Prices move daily during Prime Day and lightning deals rotate out without much warning, so check the current price before you commit. If you only grab one thing from the early wave, make it the $39.99 Ring Outdoor Cam or the $99 Wüsthof Gourmet knife set. Both are back to their lowest prices ever and both stay useful long after the sale ends.

The post These early Prime Day deals are already live on Amazon: Kitchen gadgets, fitness gear, power tools, and more appeared first on Popular Science.

By: Stan Horaczek

Train Ride to NASA Kennedy for Artemis III Booster Segments

A train with many different colored cars crosses a green bridge over a body of water. There are trees along the shoreline.
NASA/Brandon Hancock

The final booster motor segments for NASA’s SLS (Space Launch System) rocket that will help propel Artemis III astronauts on their journey to space shipped from Northrop Grumman’s Railyard Shipping Facility in Corinne, Utah on June 2. The eight booster motor segments are on their way to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida where they will form the SLS rocket’s twin, five-segment solid rocket boosters, which produce more than 75% of the total thrust at liftoff.

Follow the Artemis blog for updates on Artemis III and future missions.

Image credit: NASA/Brandon Hancock

By: HQ Web Team